Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 4 Issue 1 2025

This open access book provides an overview of the progress in landslide research and technology and is part of a book series of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). The book provides a common platform for the publication of recent progress in landslide research and technology for practical applications and the benefit for the society contributing to the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020, which is expected to continue up to 2030 and even beyond to globally promote the understanding and reduction of landslide disaster risk, as well as to address the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals. Prof. Biljana Abolmasov is the Vice President for Europe. She is a Professor of the Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade in Serbia. She is an Editor of the International Journal Landslides and ICL Book series P-LRT. Prof. Irasema Alcántara-Ayala is a former Director and current Professor at the Institute of Geography of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She is a member of the UNDRR R-STAG of the Americas and an Editor of the ICL book series P-LRT. Prof. Željko Arbanas is the President of the ICL He is a Professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia. He is the Assistant Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal Landslides and the ICL book series P-LRT. Dr. David Huntley is the Vice President for America. He is a Research Scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada and Open Learning Faculty at Thompson Rivers University, British Columbia. He is anEditor of the ICL book series P-LRT. Prof. Kazuo Konagai is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo and Principal Researcher at the ICL headquarters. He is an associate editor of the International Journal Landslides and an Assistant Editor-in-Chief of the ICL book series P-LRT. Matjaž Mikoš, Professor at the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, is the Chairman of the Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020. Prof. Kyoji Sassa is the Founding President and the Secretary General of the ICL and the Secretary General of the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal Landslides and the ICL book series P-LRT. Dr. Shinji Sassa is the Head of Soil Dynamics Group and Research Director at Port and Airport Research Institute, National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology, Japan. He is an Editor of the International Journal Landslides and the ICL book series P-LRT. Prof. Binod Tiwari is a professor of civil and environment engineering at theCalifornia State University, Fullerton California, USA. He is an associate editor of the International Journal Landslides and an Assistant Editor-in-Chief of the ICL book series P-LRT. Prof. Veronica Tofani is a professor of engineering geology at University of Florence, Italy and Deputy Chairholder of the UNESCO Chair on Prevention and Sustainable Management of Geo-Hydrological Hazards. She is associate editor of the Journal Landslides and editor of the book series P-LRT.